Efeitos da vareniclina no tecido pulmonar em modelo animal / Effects of varenicline on lung tissue in the animal model

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos agudos e crônicos da vareniclina no tecido pulmonar em um estudo experimental. Métodos Um total de 34 ratos foi alocado aleatoriamente em grupos de estudo (vareniclina) e controle. Assim, os ratos foram divididos em dois grupos: (i) grupo controle e (ii) grupo vareniclina. A seguir, os ratos de cada grupo foram, por sua vez, subdivididos igualmente em agudos (C1; V1) e crônicos (C2; V2), e todos os ratos dos grupos agudos e crônicos foram sacrificados sob anestesia: no 45.º dia, para o grupo agudo [C1 (n=5) e V1 (n=12)], e no 90.º dia, para o grupo crônico [C2 (n=5) e V2 (n=12)], respectivamente. Em seguida, foram realizadas análises bioquímicas e histopatológicas. Resultados Trinta e quatro ratos completaram o estudo. Destes ratos, 24 estavam no grupo vareniclina e 10 no grupo controle. Na exposição crônica à vareniclina, os níveis de oxidante composto por malondialdeído (MDA) e mieloperoxidase (MPO) aumentaram, e os níveis de superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa (GSH) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx), nomeados como antioxidantes, diminuiram significativamente quando comparados com o grupo controle. Os níveis de MDA e MPO também foram significativamente mais elevados e os níveis de SOD, CAT, GPx e GSH foram significativamente mais baixos no grupo vareniclina crônico, quando comparado ao grupo vareniclina agudo. Estes achados também foram confirmados por observações histopatológicas. Conclusões Este é o primeiro estudo que avaliou os efeitos pulmonares da vareniclina experimentalmente em um modelo animal. Observamos que o tratamento crônico da vareniclina causa inflamação e lesão pulmonar.

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to investigate acute and chronic effects of varenicline on lung tissue in an experimental study. Methods A total of 34 rats were randomly allocated into study (varenicline) and control groups. The rats were divided into two groups (i) control group, (ii) varenicline group. Then, the rats in the each group were sub-divided equally in turn as acute (C1; V1) and chronic (C2; V2) ; all rats of acute and chronic groups were sacrificed under the anesthesia on the 45th day for acute group [C1 (n=5) and V1 (n=12)] and the 90th day for chronic group [C2 (n=5) and V2 (n=12)], respectively. Thus, biochemical and histopathological analysis were carried out. Results Thirty four rats completed the study, 24 were in varenicline group and 10 were in control group. In chronic exposure to varenicline, oxidant levels comprising of malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) increased and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels, named as antioxidants, decreased significantly when compared to the control group. MDA and MPO levels were also significantly higher and SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH levels were also significantly lower in chronic varenicline group when compared to acute varenicline group. These findings were also supported by histopathological observations. Conclusion This is the first study, which evaluated pulmonary effects of varenicline experimentally on an animal model. It was observed that chronic varenicline treatments cause inflammation and lung cell injury.

Investigation of the effect of gestational diabetes on fetal cardiac tissue in streptozotocin induced in rats

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the cause of congenital anomalies resulted from gestational diabetes on fetal cardiac tissue in experimental animal study model. Methods: Totally 12 female Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups, each consisting of 6 rats. Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to the study group by dissolving in citrate solution. The rats with a blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL and above were considered to be diabetic rats. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidative stress (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) values were calculated in the cardiac tissues and maternal serum samples of the fetuses delivered by cesarean section after the mating process. The cardiac tissues were also subjected to histopathological examination. Results: TOS and OSI values in fetal cardiac tissues of the diabetic rats were found to be significantly higher than that of the control group (p=0.026 and p=0.005). Histopathological examination revealed that the mitotic index was lower and the cell organization was found to be damaged in the fetuses of the study group rats. Conclusion: Increased levels of free oxygen radicals considered to be due to hyperglycemia may cause congenital anomalies, especially during organogenesis period, by disrupting cell homeostasis and adversely affecting mitosis.